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Thursday, August 02, 2007

Ray Diagrams of Concave Mirror

In this diagram five incident rays are drawn along with their corresponding reflected rays. Each ray intersects at the image location and then diverges to the eye of an observer. Every observer would observe the same image location and every light ray would follow the law of reflection. Yet only two of these rays would be needed to determine the image location; since it only requires two rays to find the intersection point. Of the five incident rays drawn, two of them correspond to the incident rays described by our two rules of reflection for concave mirrors. These will be the two rays used through the remainder of this lesson, merely because they are the easiest pair of rays to draw.

1.Pick a point on the top of the object and draw two incident rays traveling towards the mirror. Using a straight edge, accurately draw one ray so that it passes exactly through the focal point on the way to the mirror. Draw the second ray such that it travels exactly parallel to the principal axis. Place arrowheads upon the rays to indicate their direction of travel.

2. Once these incident rays strike the mirror, reflect them according to the two rules of reflection for concave mirrors. The ray that passes through the focal point on the way to the mirror will reflect and travel parallel to the principal axis. Use a straight edge to accurately draw its path. The ray which traveled parallel to the principal axis on the way to the mirror will reflect and travel through the focal point. Place arrowheads upon the rays to indicate their direction of travel. Extend the rays past their point of intersection.

3. Mark the image of the top of the object. The image point of the top of the object is the point where the two reflected rays intersect. If your were to draw a third pair of incident and reflected rays, then the third reflected ray would also pass through this point. This is merely the point where all light from the top of the object would intersect upon reflecting off the mirror. Of course, the rest of the object has an image as well and it can be found by applying the same three steps to another chosen point.

4. Repeat the process for the bottom of the object.

The goal of a ray diagram is to determine the location, size, orientation, and type of image which is formed by the concave mirror. Typically, this requires determining where the image of the upper and lower extreme of the object is located and then tracing the entire image. After completing the first three steps, only the image location of the top extreme of the object has been found. Thus, the process must be repeated for the point on the bottom of the object. If the bottom of the object lies upon the principal axis (as it does in this example), then the image of this point will also lie upon the principal axis and be the same distance from the mirror as the image of the top of the object. At this point the entire image can be filled in.

Ray Diagrams of Convex Mirror

1. Pick a point on the top of the object and draw two incident rays traveling towards the mirror.
Using a straight edge, accurately draw one ray so that it travels towards the focal point on the opposite side of the mirror; this ray will strike the mirror before reaching the focal point; stop the ray at the point of incidence with the mirror. Draw the second ray such that it travels exactly parallel to the principal axis. Place arrowheads upon the rays to indicate their direction of travel.

2. Once these incident rays strike the mirror, reflect them according to the two rules of reflection for convex mirrors. The ray that travels towards the focal point will reflect and travel parallel to the principal axis. Use a straight edge to accurately draw its path. The ray which traveled parallel to the principal axis on the way to the mirror will reflect and travel in a direction such that its extension passes through the focal point. Align a straight edge with the point of incidence and the focal point, and draw the second reflected ray. Place arrowheads upon the rays to indicate their direction of travel. The two rays should be diverging upon reflection.

3. Locate and mark the image of the top of the object. The image point of the top of the object is the point where the two reflected rays intersect. Since the two reflected rays are diverging, they must be extended behind the mirror in order to intersect. Using a straight edge, extend each of the rays using dashed lines. Draw the extensions until they intersect. The point of intersection is the image point of the top of the object. Both reflected rays would appear to diverge from this point. If your were to draw a third pair of incident and reflected rays, then the extensions of the third reflected ray would also pass through this point. This is merely the point where all light from the top of the object would appear to diverge from upon reflecting off the mirror. Of course, the rest of the object has an image as well and it can be found by applying the same three steps to another chosen point.

4. Repeat the process for the bottom of the object.

ellaine dela cruz;

Lens

  - glass or other transparent substance so shaped that it will refract the light from any object, and form a real or virtual image of the object.
  - series of tiny refracting lenses, each of which refracts light to produce their own image.

Converging Lens

  - lens which converges rays of light which are traveling parallel to its principal axis.
  - can be identified by their shape; they are thicker across their middle and thinner at their upper and lower edges

Diverging Lens
  - lens which diverges rays of light which are traveling parallel to its principal axis
  - identified by their shape; they are thinner across their middle and thicker at their upper and lower edges

Refraction Rules for Converging Lens

1. Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a converging lens will refract through the lens and travel through the focal point on the opposite side of the lens.
2. Any incident ray traveling through the focal point on the way to the lens will refract through the lens and travel paallel to the principal axis
3. An incident ray which passes through the center of the lens will in effect continue in the same direction that it had when it entered the lens.

Refraction Rules for a Diverging Lens

1. Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a diverging lens will refract through the lens and travel in line with the focal point (i.e., in a direction such that its extension will pass through the focal point).
2. Any incident ray traveling towards the focal point on the way to the lens will refract through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.
3.An incident ray which passes through the center of the lens will in effect continue in the same direction that it had when it entered the lens

Object Front   Back   Converging   Diverging
do             +            +
di               -            +
f                                                   +                   -
height upright (virtual) Inverted (real)

ellaine dela cruz;

Tuesday, July 31, 2007

do - distance of the object from the mirror
di - distance of the image from the mirror
ho - height of the object
hi - height of the image

Magnification - reduced or enlarged
  less than 1 - reduce
  more than 1 - enlarge
   M= hi/ho=-di/do

Mirror Equation:
f=(dido)/do + di

Using Negative and positive sign

1. location of the object
       infront - positive
       behind - negative

2. location of the image
       infront - postitive
       behind - negative

3. focal length or radius
       concave - positive
       convex - negative

4. height
       upright - positive - virtual
       inverted - negative - real

ellaine dela cruz;

Real Image
- are those which can be cast on to a screen
- light rays are actually brought to a focus at the image position

Virtual Image
- images which cannot be cast on to a screen, but are neverthless perceived by the eye

f -focal point, midpoint from the mirror and c
c- center of curvature, radius
v- intersection vertex of the mirror and principal axis

ellaine dela cruz;

Sunday, July 22, 2007

Refraction is the bending of light that takes place at a boundary between two materials having different indices of refraction. Refraction is due to a change in the speed of light as it passes from one medium to another.

The boundary is the region where one medium meets another medium.

At a boundary, an incident ray can undergo partial reflection or, in certain situations, total internal reflection.

No bending of the incident ray occurs if it strikes the boundary along the normal.

The incident ray is the ray approaching the boundary. It strikes the boundary at the point of incidence. The refracted ray is the ray leaving the boundary through the second medium.

The reflected ray is the ray undergoing partial (or total) reflection at the boundary. The normal is a construction line drawn perpendicular to the boundary at the point of incidence.

The angle of incidence (i) is the angle between the incident ray and the normal. The angle of reflection (r) is the angle between the normal and the reflected ray. The angle of refraction (R) is the angle between the normal and the refracted ray.

ellaine dela cruz;

Particle of Light Theory
- proposed by Newton
- light travels in a straight path

Wave Theory
- proposed by Christian Huygens
- light properties are mostly wave light
- diffraction and interference

Photoelectic Effect
- by Einstein
- quantum electronic phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays

Quantun Theory
- by Planck
- quantize, cannot be broken down into smaller particles

Photons - energy from light

ellaine dela cruz;

Tuesday, July 03, 2007

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ellaine dela cruz;